Control of DNA damage checkpoints in cells exposed to ionizing radiation (2023)

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FAQs

Control of DNA damage checkpoints in cells exposed to ionizing radiation? ›

Damage induced in the DNA after exposure of cells to ionizing radiation activates checkpoint pathways that inhibit progression of cells through the G1 and G2 phases and induce a transient delay in the progression through S phase.

What checkpoint is affected by ionizing radiation? ›

Abstract. Exposure of cells to DNA-damaging agents, such as ionizing radiation (IR), results in perturbation of cell cycle progression. IR activates cell cycle checkpoints that arrest the cell cycle at the G1/S, S, and G2/M phases.

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What will happen to the DNA if we are expose to ionizing radiation? ›

Ionizing radiation directly affects DNA structure by inducing DNA breaks, particularly, DSBs. Secondary effects are the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that oxidize proteins and lipids, and also induce several damages to DNA, like generation of abasic sites and single strand breaks (SSB).

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What checkpoints occur in the cell cycle after ionizing radiation exposure? ›

Cell cycle checkpoints exist at the G1/S and G2/M boundary and are thought to prevent cells from replication or undergoing mitosis, respectively, in the presence of DNA damage. Furthermore, DSB induction can cause slowing of replication by locally inhibiting replication fork progression and new origin firing.

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What is the checkpoint for DNA damage? ›

A DNA damage checkpoint is a pause in the cell cycle that is induced in response to DNA damage to ensure that the damage is repaired before cell division resumes. Proteins that accumulate at the damage site typically activate the checkpoint and halt cell growth at the G1/S or G2/M boundaries.

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What does the G1 checkpoint check for? ›

At the G1 checkpoint, cells decide whether or not to proceed with division based on factors such as: Cell size. Nutrients. Growth factors.

What are checkpoints in the cell cycle controlled by? ›

The central machines that drive cell cycle progression are the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). These are serine/threonine protein kinases that phosphorylate key substrates to promote DNA synthesis and mitotic progression.

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What are the 3 checkpoints in the cell cycle? ›

Cell-cycle checkpoints prevent the transmission of genetic errors to daughter cells. There exist three major cell-cycle checkpoints; the G1/S checkpoint, the G2/M checkpoint, and the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC).

Where are the 3 checkpoints in the cell cycle? ›

Each step of the cell cycle is monitored by internal controls called checkpoints. There are three major checkpoints in the cell cycle: one near the end of G₁, a second at the G₂/M transition, and the third during metaphase.

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What activates the DNA damage checkpoint? ›

Damage induced in the DNA after exposure of cells to ionizing radiation activates checkpoint pathways that inhibit progression of cells through the G1 and G2 phases and induce a transient delay in the progression through S phase.

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Which checkpoints will the cell cycle stop if DNA damage is detected? ›

The G₂ Checkpoint

If the checkpoint mechanisms detect problems with the DNA, the cell cycle is halted, and the cell attempts to either complete DNA replication or repair the damaged DNA.

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Which cell cycle checkpoint checks for damage? ›

The G₁ Checkpoint

The cell will only pass the checkpoint if it is an appropriate size and has adequate energy reserves. At this point, the cell also checks for DNA damage. A cell that does not meet all the requirements will not progress to the S phase.

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What does the G2 checkpoint check for? ›

G2/M checkpoints include the checks for damaged DNA, unreplicated DNA, and checks that ensure that the genome is replicated once and only once per cell cycle. If cells pass these checkpoints, they follow normal transition to the M phase.

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What happens at the G2 M checkpoint? ›

Abstract. The G2 checkpoint prevents cells from entering mitosis when DNA is damaged, providing an opportunity for repair and stopping the proliferation of damaged cells. Because the G2 checkpoint helps to maintain genomic stability, it is an important focus in understanding the molecular causes of cancer.

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What is the G2 checkpoint used for? ›

The G₂/M checkpoint prevents cells from entering mitosis when DNA is damaged in order to afford these cells an opportunity to repair the damaged DNA before propagating genetic defects to the daughter cells. If the damage is irreparable, checkpoint signaling might activate pathways that lead to apoptosis.

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What does G1 checkpoint regulate? ›

G1 is usually where critical decisions are made as to whether to enter a resting quiescent stage known as G0 or to continue cycling and commit to replicating the genome and mitosis. The point in G1 where this growth factor–dependent decision is made is known as the restriction point (R).

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Why is the DNA damage checkpoint in G1 important? ›

The G1 to S checkpoint prevents replication of damaged DNA. Essentially, this process is able to arrest the cell cycle through the functions of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related, which phosphorylate a number of substrate proteins in response to DNA damage.

How is G1 controlled? ›

In mammalian cells, G1–S genes are regulated by several E2F transcription factor complexes at different stages of the cell cycle. In yeast, G1–S transcripts can be roughly divided into two groups: SBF- or MBF-dependent genes.

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How does ionizing radiation damage biological tissue? ›

Direct Damage occurs when radiation damages the DNA directly, causing ionization of the atoms in the DNA molecule. Ionisation of molecule invariably leads to its disruption. Indirect Damage occurs when radiation interacts with non-critical target atoms or molecules, usually water.

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What can ionising radiation damage cells cause? ›

Radiation of certain wavelengths, called ionizing radiation, has enough energy to damage DNA and cause cancer. Ionizing radiation includes radon, x-rays, gamma rays, and other forms of high-energy radiation.

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Can ionizing radiation cause DNA mutations? ›

Ionizing radiation damages the genetic material in reproductive cells and results in mutations that are transmitted from generation to generation.

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What are the most common effects of ionizing radiation? ›

Beyond certain thresholds, radiation can impair the functioning of tissues and/or organs and can produce acute effects such as skin redness, hair loss, radiation burns, or acute radiation syndrome. These effects are more severe at higher doses and higher dose rates.

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What is the specific effect of ionizing radiation on cell chromosomes? ›

When cells are exposed to radiation or carcinogens, DNA sometimes breaks, and the broken ends may rejoin in different patterns from their original arrangement. The abnormalities that result are termed “chromosome aberrations” and may be visualized at mitosis when cells divide.

What are some types of ionizing radiation that can cause mutations in the DNA of cells? ›

High energy ionization radiations such as X-rays and gamma rays cause extensive damage to DNA in the form of destruction to their sugars and nitrogenous bases along with strand breaks. Non-ionizing radiation such as ultraviolet light, on the other hand, induces structural changes in the bases of the DNA.

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What are the effects of non-ionizing radiation on DNA? ›

While IR directly damages DNA, NIR interferes with the oxidative repair mechanisms resulting in oxidative stress, damage to cellular components including DNA, and damage to cellular processes leading to cancer.

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What happens when DNA is damaged? ›

At the cellular level, damaged DNA that is not properly repaired can lead to genomic instability, apoptosis, or senescence, which can greatly affect the organism's development and ageing process.

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What will happen to the cells if there are no control checkpoints in the various stages of the cell cycle? ›

If a checkpoint fails or if a cell suffers physical damage to chromosomes during cell division, or if it suffers a debilitating somatic mutation in a prior S phase, it may selfdestruct in response to a consequent biochemical anomaly.

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What are the two different types of checkpoints? ›

There are two types of checkpoints in Hyper-V: standard checkpoints and production checkpoints. Both capture the state, data and configuration details of a running VM. The difference is in data consistency. A standard checkpoint only provides application consistency, not data consistency.

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How is the checkpoint system in the cell cycle helpful in making sure that a cell divides normally? ›

The DNA Replication Checkpoint Arrests the Cell Cycle

The checkpoints detect various issues found on DNA. Once checkpoint proteins identify these issues, the cell activates signal transduction pathways in order to arrest the progression of the cell cycle and allow adequate time to fix the problems on DNA.

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What does the G2 checkpoint prevent the cell cycle from continuing until? ›

Several cell cycle checkpoints function to ensure that incomplete or damaged chromosomes are not replicated and passed on to daughter cells (Figure 14.8). One of the most clearly defined of these checkpoints occurs in G₂ and prevents the initiation of mitosis until DNA replication is completed.

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What is the restriction point in the cell cycle? ›

The point at G1 at which commitment occurs and the cell no longer requires growth factors to complete the cell cycle has been termed the restriction (R) point. The R point has been temporally mapped at 2–3 hours prior to the onset of DNA synthesis.

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What are the checkpoints in the cell cycle quizlet? ›

What are cell checkpoints? A checkpoint is one of several points in the eukaryotic cell cycle at which the progression of a cell to the next stage in the cycle can be halted until conditions are favorable. These checkpoints occur near the end of G1, at the G2/M transition, and during metaphase.

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What are the 4 stages of the cell cycle? ›

The cell cycle is a 4-stage process consisting of Gap 1 (G1), synthesis (S), Gap 2 (G2), and mitosis (M), which a cell undergoes as it grows and divides. After completing the cycle it either starts the process again from G1 or exits through G0.

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How do cells detect DNA damage? ›

The protein UvrA recognizes damaged DNA and recruits UvrB and UvrC to the site of the lesion. UvrB and UvrC then cleave on the 3′ and 5′ sides of the damaged site, respectively, thus excising an oligonucleotide consisting of 12 or 13 bases.

What can be affected by ionizing radiation? ›

Ionizing radiation can affect the atoms in living things, so it poses a health risk by damaging tissue and DNA in genes. has sufficient energy to affect the atoms in living cells and thereby damage their genetic material (DNA). Fortunately, the cells in our bodies are extremely efficient at repairing this damage.

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What body parts are affected by ionizing radiation? ›

Large doses of ionizing radiation can cause acute illness by reducing the production of blood cells and damaging the digestive tract. A very large dose of ionizing radiation can also damage the heart and blood vessels (cardiovascular system), brain, and skin.

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What happens at Checkpoint 2? ›

G₂ checkpoint – DNA quality control

After the second growth phase, the cell checks that the DNA was completely and correctly replicated during the S phase. If it passes it enters the M phase, and if it fails it tries to correct the errors. If the cell is unable to repair the DNA, it undergoes apoptosis.

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Which stage of cell cycle is affected by ionizing radiation? ›

When cells are exposed to ionizing radiation, they initiate a complex response that includes the arrest of cell cycle progression in G1 and G2, apoptosis and DNA repair.

What does ionizing radiation do to cells? ›

Ionizing activity can alter molecules within the cells of our body. That action may cause eventual harm (such as cancer). Intense exposures to ionizing radiation may produce skin or tissue damage.

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What is the major effect of ionizing radiation on the cell? ›

When ionizing radiation interacts with cells, it can cause damage to the cells and genetic material (i.e., deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA). If not properly repaired, this damage can result in the death of the cell or potentially harmful changes in the DNA (i.e., mutations).

What cells are most sensitive to ionizing radiation? ›

Immature (undifferentiated) hematopoietic cells that have divided (proliferated) from stem cells are highly sensitive to radiation and die due to a small amount of radiation more easily than differentiated cells.

Which part of the cell is the most sensitive to ionizing radiation? ›

Lymphocytes (white blood cells) and cells which produce blood are constantly regenerating, and are, therefore, the most sensitive. Reproductive and gastrointestinal cells are not regenerating as quickly and are less sensitive.

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What are the 3 major checkpoints and what does each checkpoint do? ›

The cell cycle is controlled at three checkpoints. The integrity of the DNA is assessed at the G₁ checkpoint. Proper chromosome duplication is assessed at the G₂ checkpoint. Attachment of each kinetochore to a spindle fiber is assessed at the M checkpoint.

What happens at the G1 checkpoint and the G2 checkpoint? ›

Damage to DNA and other external factors are evaluated at the G1 checkpoint; if conditions are inadequate, the cell will not be allowed to continue to the S phase of interphase. The G2 checkpoint ensures all of the chromosomes have been replicated and that the replicated DNA is not damaged before cell enters mitosis.

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What happens at the G2 checkpoint and how is it controlled? ›

The G₂/M checkpoint prevents cells from entering mitosis when DNA is damaged in order to afford these cells an opportunity to repair the damaged DNA before propagating genetic defects to the daughter cells. If the damage is irreparable, checkpoint signaling might activate pathways that lead to apoptosis.

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How does ionizing radiation halt cell division? ›

Exposure to ionizing radiation is known to affect cell-cycle progression: radiation causes DNA damage, and an arrest in cell-cycle progression follows as the cell activates DNA repair mechanisms.

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What are the effects of ionizing radiation at cellular and molecular level? ›

Ionizing radiation can interact directly with a DNA molecule's atoms. This prevents cells from reproducing. Direct action can also damage critical cellular systems. Sometimes, it can even lead to cancer.

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What part of the cell cycle does radiation target? ›

It is well known that radiation causes cells to transiently arrest the progression through the cell cycle (Iliakis et al. 2003). This arrest takes place at the so-called cell cycle checkpoints in G1, S, and G2 phases (Fig. 4).

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